Catalan police detained the footballer on Friday and he was questioned by a judge following the woman's formal complaint.
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Alves, who is the most decorated player in the history of football and became the oldest Brazilian player to feature at a World Cup at Qatar 2022, was taken to a police station in the neighbourhood of Les Corts following the incident.
The 39-year-old admitted he had been at iconic city nightclub Sutton on December 30 when the alleged sex crime occurred but denied the allegations.
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Former Barcelona defender Alves, who now plays for Mexican side UNAM Pumas, pleaded his innocence in a Spanish TV interview after a court confirmed it had opened a formal investigation.
"I don't know who this lady is," he said.
"I don't know her name, I don't know her, I've never seen her in my life."
Pumas UNAM has terminated Alves' contract with immediate effect.
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"The club reiterates its commitment to not tolerate acts by any member, whoever they may be, that go against the club's spirit and its values," said Pumas sporting president Leopoldo Silva.
"We cannot allow the conduct of one person to damage our work philosophy, which has been an example throughout history."