His news came less than a week after Belgium's disappointing group stage exit at the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.
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In perhaps a sign the 'Golden Generation' is officially over, the 31-year-old posted on Instagram that 'the succession is ready'.
Hazard featured 126 times for Belgium, scoring 33 goals. He was part of the team that finished third at the 2018 World Cup in Russia.
He was just 17 when he made his debut for the country back in 2008.
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The winger could also have played for France and was courted by the France Football Federation, but stuck with the country of his birth.
Writing on Instagram, Hazard said: "A page turns today… Thank you for your love. Thank you for your unparalleled support. Thank you for all this happiness shared since 2008.
"I have decided to put an end to my international career. The succession is ready. I will miss you."
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The Belgium Twitter account added: "All the best, captain. #MerciEden."
The ex-Chelsea star joins boss Roberto Martinez in leaving the Red Devils in the aftermath of the World Cup.
The 2022 tournament saw Belgium beat Canada in their opening game but then lose to Morocco, before a 0-0 draw with Croatia saw them knocked out.