The German has also handed Arsenal full-back Myles Lewis-Skelly and Newcastle defender Dan Burn their first international call-ups.
Manchester City outcast Jack Grealish has been dropped, while Gunners teenager Ethan Nwaneri misses out despite a breakthrough season in the Premier League.
There was also no room for Nottingham Forest midfielder Morgan Gibbs-White, Tottenham defender Djed Spence or Atletico Madrid midfielder Conor Gallagher.
Along with Henderson and Rashford, Chelsea captain Reece James also makes his long-awaited return the England squad, having been a key player for Tuchel during his time at Stamford Bridge.
All three players were left out of Gareth Southgate's Euro 2024 squad and have not featured for the Three Lions since.
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Other notable inclusions are Aston Villa's Morgan Rogers and Liverpool defender Jarell Quansah, who has been a bit-part player for the Reds this season.
Tuchel was announced as Southgate's permanent replacement back in October 2024 following Lee Carsley's interim reign, becoming only the third foreign manager to take charge of the Three Lions.
The ex-Chelsea boss will take to the dugout for the first time five months later, as the Three Lions begin their qualification campaign for the 2026 World Cup.
Up first is the visit of Albania to Wembley on March 21, followed by another home match against Latvia on March 24.
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Tuchel, who officially started work in January, signed an 18-month contract with the FA, taking him up to the end of the 2026 World Cup.
He will speak to the media at 11am to answer questions on his first squad.
Before that, Newcastle manager Eddie Howe reacted to the inclusion of Burn for the first time.
Howe said: "It's an incredible moment for Dan and I have to say, there's no one more deserving, in my opinion.
"Starting to work with Dan when I did when he came in during our relegation battle, he's just such an inspiring guy but also very talented as a player and it's a great story really.
"It's a great footballing story and a great comeback from someone who had to do it the hard way - coming through the leagues, a dedicated professional, a leader, a real man and an inspirational figure."
Howe added: "He is the model pro really.
"He's so committed to what he does and he's had to be. He's been given great strengths in his size and his height and they're brilliant weapons to have as a centre-half but then you've got to improve all of the other areas of your game to see that as a big strength and he's done that for me.
"His character is so stable and so level, he takes every challenge and every potential negative in his stride and comes back stronger.
"I'm so pleased for him on a personal level because he deserves it."
More to follow.