The 23-year-old, who has started all six La Liga games this season, lined up alongside Sebastian Caceres in the centre of Uruguay's defence in the 1-0 defeat to Iran.
However, he was quickly replaced by Agustin Rogel in the fifth minute after suffering discomfort in his right abductor muscle.
Araujo's injury is another concern for Barcelona, who already saw Jules Kounde and Memphis Depay sustain injuries for France and the Netherlands respectively.
Kounde had to be withdrawn in the 23rd minute of France's 2-0 win over Austria in the UEFA Nations League, while Depay was also forced off in his country's 2-0 victory against Poland.
Frenkie de Jong and Ousmane Dembele also picked up knocks in their international appearances, which will add to Barcelona's injury worries ahead of a busy schedule with nine matches set to be played in October.
CSKA Moscow 
FC Rostov 
Leicester 
Chelsea 
Valencia 
Betis 
Dynamo Kyiv 
Chornomorets Odesa 
Verona 
Inter 
Bayer Leverkusen 
FC Heidenheim 
Borussia Dortmund 
SC Freiburg 
VFL Wolfsburg 
Union Berlin 
Arsenal 
Nottingham Forest 
Everton 
Brentford 
Spartak Moscow 
Lokomotiv Moscow 
Rangers 
Dundee Utd 
Atletico Madrid 
Alaves 
Lens 
Marseille 
Ingulets Petrove 
Shakhtar Donetsk 
AC Milan 
Juventus 
ST Malo 
Bordeaux 
Manchester City 
Tottenham 
Eintracht Frankfurt 
Werder Bremen 
Girona 
Espanyol 
Feyenoord 
Heerenveen 
ST Etienne 
Montpellier 
Grenoble Foot 38 
Heart Of Midlothian 
Celtic 
Reims 
Lyon 
PSV 
Groningen 
Celta Vigo 
Barcelona 
Benfica 
Estrela Da Amadora 
Sparta Rotterdam 
AZ Alkmaar 
Southampton 
Liverpool