The 24-year-old Paris Saint-Germain forward takes over from goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, who joined striker Karim Benzema and defender Raphael Varane in announcing his international retirement following France's World Cup final defeat to Argentina at the end of last year.
World Cup Golden Boot winner Mbappe is expected to operate on the left side of attack, with Bayern Munich's Kingsley Coman potentially getting the nod on the opposite flank, while new vice-captain Antoine Griezmann could start in the number 10 role behind either Olivier Giroud or Randal Kolo Muani.
Deschamps initially called up William Saliba and Wesley Fofana to his 23-man squad, but the defensive duo have been forced to withdraw due to injury, with Axel Disasi and Jean-Clair Todibo taking their places.
Todibo is one of three uncapped players in the France squad along with Nice teammate Khephren Thuram and Lens goalkeeper Brice Samba, and all three will be in contention to make their debut on Friday.
Samba is set to battle with Alphonse Areola and Mike Maignan for the number one jersey, with the latter expected to start against the Netherlands, while the retirement of Varane will likely see Todibo, Disasi and Ibrahima Konate compete for a starting spot at centre-back alongside Dayot Upamecano.
Benjamin Pavard was forced to settle for a back-up role at the World Cup, despite starting the opening group game, and the Bayern Munich right-back may continue as understudy to Jules Kounde on Friday, while Theo Hernandez is expected to retain his place at left-back.
In the absence of Paul Pogba and N'Golo Kante, Aurelien Tchouameni and Adrien Rabiot are the most likely candidates to start in centre-midfield ahead of Youssouf Fofana and Jordan Veretout.
France possible starting lineup: Maignan; Kounde, Konate, Upamecano, Hernandez; Tchouameni, Rabiot; Coman, Griezmann, Mbappe; Giroud
Monaco 
Stade Brestois 29 
Bordeaux 
Nimes 
Bayern Munich 
FC Augsburg 
Paris Saint Germain 
Toulouse 
CSKA Moscow 
FC Rostov 
Leicester 
Chelsea 
Valencia 
Betis 
Dynamo Kyiv 
Chornomorets Odesa 
Verona 
Inter 
Bayer Leverkusen 
FC Heidenheim 
Borussia Dortmund 
SC Freiburg 
VFL Wolfsburg 
Union Berlin 
Arsenal 
Nottingham Forest 
Everton 
Brentford 
Spartak Moscow 
Lokomotiv Moscow 
Rangers 
Dundee Utd 
Atletico Madrid 
Alaves 
Lens 
Marseille 
Ingulets Petrove 
Shakhtar Donetsk 
AC Milan 
Juventus 
ST Malo 
Manchester City 
Tottenham 
Eintracht Frankfurt 
Werder Bremen 
Girona 
Espanyol 
Feyenoord 
Heerenveen 
ST Etienne 
Montpellier 
Grenoble Foot 38 
Heart Of Midlothian 
Celtic 
Reims 
Lyon 
PSV 
Groningen