The 26-year-old was recently called up to the national side by interim boss Ramon Menezes, after enjoying a successful campaign with Newcastle.
Joelinton registered six goals and two assists in 32 Premier League appearances during the 2022-23 campaign, helping the Magpies finish in fourth position and qualify for the Champions League.
After being recognised by the national side, the Newcastle man straight into the lineup for Saturday's friendly, which took place at the home of Spanish side Espanyol.
Brazil wore an all-black kit in the first half of the friendly as part of an anti-racism campaign and a show of support for Vinicius Junior, who was racially abused for Real Madrid against Valencia on May 21.
The game was also preceded by a minute's silence as the players from both sides took a knee, while the two teams also stood behind a banner which read "with racism, there is no game" in Portuguese.
Joelinton wasted little time to make an impact in his international career, tapping in a rebound from close range to give his country the lead in the 27th minute.
Rodrygo quickly added a second for the South Americans, before Stuttgart striker Sehrou Guirassy halved the deficit in the 36th minute.
Eder Militao restored Brazil's two-goal cushion moments after half time, and the comfortable victory was rounded off by a late Vinicius Junior penalty.
The 4-1 victory will certainly be an unforgettable match in Joelinton's career, after he became the first player since Antony in October 2021 to score on his Brazil debut.
The five-time World Cup winners will now travel to the Estadio Jose Alvalade in Lisbon for Tuesday's friendly against Senegal.