Emma Hayes's side cruised through to the knockout stages with a total of 14 points from a possible 18 in Group D, fending off BK Hacken, Real Madrid and Paris FC to top the standings.
The Blues - whose best result in Europe remains their runners-up finish in the 2020-21 season - have been rewarded with a tie against Vrouwen Eredivisie champions Ajax, who placed second in Group C on goal difference behind Paris Saint-Germain Women.
The first leg of that tie will take place on March 19/20 in the Netherlands, before Chelsea welcome their Dutch foes to Stamford Bridge for the second encounter one week later.
Should Hayes's side prevail, they could set up a tantalising semi-final with holders Barcelona, who won five and drew one of their six matches in Group A and will pit their wits against Norwegian outfit Brann, the Group B runners-up.
Meanwhile, eight-time winners Lyon Women will battle Portuguese powerhouses Benfica, with the winner of that tie going on to face either PSG or Hacken in the last eight.
The semi-finals of the Women's Champions League take place from April 20 to April 28, before Athletic Bilbao's San Mames Stadium hosts the final on May 25.
WOMEN'S CHAMPIONS LEAGUE QUARTER-FINAL DRAW IN FULL:
Ajax vs. Chelsea
Brann vs. Barcelona
Benfica vs. Lyon
BK Hacken vs. Paris Saint-Germain
Sparta Rotterdam 
AZ Alkmaar 
Southampton 
Liverpool 
Como 
Fiorentina 
Sevilla 
Rayo Vallecano 
Ajax 
Pec Zwolle 
Palermo 
Sampdoria 
Ipswich 
Manchester Utd 
Napoli 
Roma 
Moreirense 
FC Porto 
Leganes 
Real Madrid 
Lazio 
Bologna 
Empoli 
Udinese 
CSKA Moscow 
Rubin 
Slovan Bratislava 
AC Milan 
Sparta Praha 
Atletico Madrid 
Valencia 
Barcelona 
Stade Brestois 29 
Bayer Leverkusen 
Red Bull Salzburg 
Bayern Munich 
Paris Saint Germain 
Inter 
RB Leipzig 
Manchester City 
Feyenoord 
Sporting CP 
Arsenal 
FC Rostov 
Spartak Moscow 
Aston Villa 
Juventus 
Celtic 
Club Brugge 
Dinamo Zagreb 
Borussia Dortmund 
Monaco 
Benfica 
PSV 
Shakhtar Donetsk 
Lokomotiv Moscow 
Dinamo Moscow