Robinson had entered the final 12 months of his previous deal, resulting in speculation surrounding his future at Craven Cottage.
The full-back has recently been linked with a move away from the West London club, amid interest from Manchester City, AC Milan, Inter Milan and Marseille.
However, the USA international has now quashed the transfer rumours by putting pen to paper on a new long-term contract.
Robinson told FFCtv: "To the fans who have stuck by me, supported me ever since I've been at this club, it's been one hell of a ride.
"Some ups, some downs, especially off the back of last season, I just want to thank you for your massive support. I'm going to repay that support with a lot of hard work to improve myself, and continue to grow as a team."
Since joining Fulham from Wigan Athletic in August 2020, Robinson has gone on to feature in 107 games, contributing three goals and five assists.
Robinson helped his side win promotion from the Championship in the 2021-22 campaign, before making 35 Premier League appearances last term, as Fulham achieved a 10th-place finish.
Commenting on the new deal, Fulham vice-chairman Tony Khan said: "I'm so glad to announce that Antonee (Jedi) Robinson has extended his contract with Fulham.
"Following one of the best Premier League seasons in the history of Fulham Football Club, it's very exciting to confirm that Jedi will be with us for years to come.
"Since his arrival in 2020, he's been a very important part of the Fulham squad. He's a tenacious defender and a remarkable athlete, with great pace that serves us well up and down the pitch, through his hard work in defence and the great service he provides to our attack.
"Jedi's also a remarkable person, both on and off the pitch. He's a great friend and a great teammate, beloved by his squad and the staff with whom he works, both here at Fulham as well as the USMNT, where he's also a very important player."
Earlier on Friday, Fulham confirmed the departure of Neeskens Kebano, who left the club following the expiry of his contract last month.
While Kebano brings an end to his seven-year stay, Fulham are reportedly close to reaching an agreement with Willian over a new deal.