Cole Palmer headed the Blues into a 34th-minute lead, before Mudryk was forced off following a clash with former Chelsea full-back Tariq Lamptey.
Replays appeared to show Lamptey catch Mudryk in the face with his elbow or shoulder, causing the Ukrainian to drop down to the ground before receiving medical treatment.
While the incident was the subject of a VAR review, the officials decided there was not enough evidence for a red card to be considered.
Mudryk was subsequently withdrawn and replaced by Christopher Nkunku, who found the net to double Chelsea's advantage just after the hour mark.
Mudryk set to miss final game of 2023-24 season
Chelsea were given some work to do when Reece James was given his marching orders, before Danny Welbeck pulled a goal back for the Seagulls.
Mauricio Pochettino's side saw out the remainder of the contest to claim a fourth consecutive victory, moving them into sixth place with just one game left to play.
When asked about Mudryk's condition after the game, Pochettino told reporters: "No, he is not okay, we are checking.
"He was a little bit dizzy but we used the concussion substitution and the rule is seven days so he is not going to be available for the next game but I hope it is nothing wrong."
Who could replace Mudryk against Bournemouth?
With Mudryk set to through concussion protocols, he will end the season with seven goals and two assists in 41 competitive matches.
The 23-year-old will now focus on being ready for his national side, with Ukraine set to kick off their Euro 2024 campaign against Romania on June 17.
As for Pochettino, he will have to choose someone to replace Mudryk in the starting lineup for Sunday's home clash with Bournemouth.
Nkunku is the obvious candidate after he made a significant impact in his substitute appearance at the Amex Stadium.
However, the Frenchman has only recently returned from injury, and it remains to be seen whether he is deemed ready to start against the Cherries.
Alternatively, Pochettino may be tempted to present Raheem Sterling with his first Premier League start since March 11.